In this post I'm going to talk about McAfee HIPS expert rules and provide some real world examples of ways to actually catch the bad guys.
For more info on McAfee HIPS check the manual (page 101 onwards) here:
https://kc.mcafee.com/resources/sites/MCAFEE/content/live/PRODUCT_DOCUMENTATION/22000/PD22894/en_US/Host%20Intrusion%20Prevention%20800%20Product%20Guide%20for%20ePO%20450.pdf
Disclaimer - I'm not a malware guru and this post will likely be me trying to reinvent the wheel. If you have any tips or know any good HIPS resources please drop me a comment below!
Catching Bad Guys With HIPS
For an attacker to gain a foothold in your organisation they will need to run code on your systems, drop files and also setup persistence. Without these items they have no foothold. AV usually approaches this problem with a signature blacklist but as we all know this can be easy to evade.
Host intrusion detection/prevention on the other hand, can be more effective because instead of just blocking the
known bad you can monitor
everything and then remove the good, to find the bad. By whitelisting known good combinations of filenames, locations, processes, registry keys etc. you'll effectively be left with just the bad activity (plus a small number of false positives).
Hey I use McAfee too!
McAfee produce a HIPS product that uses a kernel-level driver to monitor system calls, if specific criteria are met you can either create an alert or block the activity. Like most security products the default signatures are out-dated and prone to false positives. What's more, as they are proprietary the actual signature content is neither visible or modifiable, making tuning and investigation tough.
Luckily McAfee allow you to create your own custom rules using a limited subset of system calls related to files, the registry, processes and a few other things. Sadly McAfee don't let you monitor arbitrary system calls like
Ambush IPS.
Implementation sidenote - Avoid filtering HIPS alerts using "Exception Rules" they're just messy, use custom rules instead and avoid "Access Protection" rules they don't offer enough granularity.
The Expert Template
To create a new HIPS rule in McAfee EPO go to Policy Catalog -> Product: Host Intrusion Prevention -> Category: IPS Rules, select your IPS rules policy then click "New" to add a custom rule. Under the subrules tab select "New Expert Rule". Expert rules are more customisable and easier to manage so I would definitely recommend using them over basic rules. (Although it can be useful creating basic rules and clicking the preview button, as this will give you the basic code needed for the expert rule.)
The template that most rules follow is something like the following:
Rule {
tag <tagname>
Class <either File/Registry/Service/Process>
Id <ID assigned by EPO>
level 3
attributes -no_trusted_apps
<class value> { Include "<something>" }
<class value> { Exclude "<something>" }
Executable { Include "*" }
Executable { Exclude { -path "<something>"} }
user_name { Include "*" }
directives <class:action1> <class:action2>
}
All parameters in angle brackets < > should be replaced with values. Starting from the top, name and ID are self explanatory, you need to save the rule and an ID will be assigned that you can add to the rule later. The level is the severity from 0 to 4 (informational to high) The "Class" depends on what type of rule you want to create, I'll cover some examples below. There will be specific inclusions and exclusions for the class. You can also define specific executables you either want to include or exclude from monitoring. Finally the "directives" part defines the specific actions (API calls) we want to watch, for example, file creation will be "files:create".
Wildcards: & = everything except slashes (so no path traversing), * = everything including slashes.
Both are useful for different situations and balancing extra visibility with false positive reduction.
File Activity
99% of the bad guys in the world today will write files to disk for functionality and persistence reasons. For a defender that's awesome as we now have a way to detect when a machine is compromised.
Attacker Tip: Don't write files to disk, do everything in memory!
McAfee HIPS supports monitoring of file create, read, write, execute, delete, renaming, attribute modification and hardlink creation. We just need to define which file path/type we want or don't want to alert on and any executables we want to include (known bad sources) or exclude (known creators of false positives).
Below is a basic file monitoring template that looks for all exe's and dll's created in system32:
Rule {
tag file_create_write
Class Files
Id 4001
level 3
attributes -no_trusted_apps
files { Include "C:\\Windows\\System32\\&.dll" "C:\\Windows\\System32\\&.exe" }
files { Exclude "C:\\example\\exclude" }
Executable { Include "*" }
Executable { Exclude { -path "c:\\Windows\\System32\\MRTSTUB.exe" } { -path "C:\\Windows\\System32\\SPOOLSV.EXE"} }
user_name { Include "*" }
directives files:create files:write
}
In the "files" section you can see how you just "Include" the path you're interested in surrounded by quotes. The ampersand acts as a wildcard and remember to use
double slashes in paths! I ignore ("Exclude") any file created by mrtstub.exe or spoolsv.exe as these guys generated more false positives than true positives.
Creating any rule is a balancing act between greater visibility and false positive reduction. To improve the effectiveness and accuracy of signatures it helps to focus on known bad locations, extensions and processes. I've included some suggestions below (Microsoft has a location list
here):
Potentially bad extensions:
exe, dll, bat, pif, scr, com, ps1, vbs, vbe, js, lnk, tmp, jar, class, jnlp, doc(x), xls(x), pdf
Potentially bad locations:
C:\Windows
C:\Windows\System32\*
C:\Windows\System32\drivers
C:\Program Files
Win7 specific:
C:\Program Files(x86)
C:\Windows\SysWOW64
%Temp% = C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Temp
%Appdata% = C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming
%ProgramData% = C:\ProgramData
C:\Users\<user>\AppData\LocalLow\Sun\Java\Deployment\cache
C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
WinXP specific:
%Temp% = C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Local Settings\Temp
%Appdata% = C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Application Data
C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Application Data\Sun\Java\Deployment\cache
C:\Documents and Settings\<user>\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
Potentially exploitable executables:
Java = C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre7\bin\java.exe
Javaw = C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jre7\bin\javaw.exe
Internet Explorer = C:\Program Files (x86)\Internet Explorer\iexplore.exe
Microsoft Office = C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\Office*\<product>.exe
Adobe Reader = C:\Program Files (x86)\Adobe\Reader *\Reader\AcroRd32.exe
Executables malware might inject into:
svchost.exe, explorer.exe, rundll32.exe, winlogon.exe, notepad.exe
Putting this all together we get some interesting use cases:
- Java applet loaded, java.exe creates .idx or .class file in Java cache
- Malware running from svchost.exe drops exe/dll in %Temp%
- New files added to startup folder or scheduled tasks created for persistence
- Rootkit (*.sys) dropped in drivers folder
- Unusual files (bat, pif, scr, com, vbs, vbe) created in, or executed from %Temp% and %Appdata%
Bare in mind that if the attacker migrates processes the exploited programs themselves may not drop malware, so if possible don't restrict the rule to a specific source executable. As a real life example a Java exploit I analysed this week used svchost.exe to drop a payload triggering a rule similar to this:
Rule {
tag svchost_create_exe
Class Files
Id 4002
level 3
attributes -no_trusted_apps
files { Include "C:\\Users\\&\\AppData\\*.exe" }
files { Exclude "C:\\example\\exclude" }
Executable { Include { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSWOW64\\SVCHOST.EXE" } }
Executable { Exclude { -path "c:\\example\\exclude" } }
user_name { Include "*" }
directives files:create files:write
}
Registry Activity
The registry is another favourite area for attackers to target because of persistence and access to system settings. There are loads of persistence locations, I've included some below but a lot of the time malware will go for the really obvious CurrentVersion\Run. It can also be useful to look for changes to things like windows update, firewall or security centre.
Using HIPS we can monitor registry activity to detect the creation/access of keys at known sensitive locations. McAfee supports monitoring of create, read, delete, modify, permissions, enumerate, monitor, restore, replace, load, and rename system calls.
A basic registry monitoring template is below:
Rule {
tag "HKLM/HKCU Wscript Run Value"
Class Registry
Id 4003
level 3
Executable { Include { -path "c:\\windows\\system32\\wscript.exe" } }
values { Include "\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\&" "\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\\&" "\\REGISTRY\\CURRENT_USER\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\&" "\\REGISTRY\\CURRENT_USER\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\\&" }
values { Exclude "\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\MICROSOFT\\WINDOWS\\CURRENTVERSION\\RUN\\SYNCHRONIZATION MANAGER" "\\REGISTRY\\CURRENT_USER\\SOFTWARE\\MICROSOFT\\WINDOWS\\CURRENTVERSION\\RUN\\CTFMON.EXE" }
directives registry:create
}
In this rule I'm looking for suspicious registry entries created by wscript, which is useful for detecting the vbs malware mentioned in my previous posts. I've included multiple registry run locations where malware will often create entries and excluded some false positives. Note that McAfee uses a slightly different syntax for registry paths, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = MACHINE and HKEY_CURRENT_USER = CURRENT_USER.
Below are some common registry locations in ready to use McAfee format, a more comprehensive list can be found
here and for comparison there is a real life ZeroAccess example
here.
Common persistence locations:
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows\\AppInit_DLLs\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\policies\Explorer\Run\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\ControlSet\\Services\\&
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\ControlSet\\Services\\&\\Parameters\\ServiceDLL\\&
Windows Firewall
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\SharedAccess\\Parameters\\FirewallPolicy
Windows Security Centre
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\wscsvc
Windows Update
\\REGISTRY\\MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\wuauserv
Above are the HKLM entries, you can specify equivalents for HKCU (or use the & to cover both) e.g.
\\REGISTRY\\CURRENT_USER\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run\\&
What about Programs?
The McAfee programs class covers new process creation (program:run or CreateProcess) and opening of existing processes with specific permissions (program:open_with_x or OpenProcess). Program:run can let you to track potential malware executing from the %temp% or %appdata% folders (Target_Executable { Include { -path "C:\\Users\\&\\AppData\\Roaming\\*.exe"}}) or even track the use of built-in utilities such as Powershell or Remote Desktop.
For example to track Powershell usage but exclude a known admin user:
Rule {
tag "Powershell execution"
Class Program
Id 4004
level 3
Target_Executable { Include { -path "C:\\Windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\powershell.exe" } \
{ -path "C:\\Windows\\SysWOW64\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\powershell.exe" }
}
user_name { Exclude "domain\\john" }
directives program:run
}
OpenProcess is often used when performing code injection, the catch is that it's also used by legitimate programs. You can try detecting code injection of explorer.exe for example by using the open_with_ directive,
this Intel post has a good explanation but be wary of the false positives.
Taken from the link above the directive permissions you'll want are:
PROCESS_VM_OPERATION // For VirtualAllocEx/VirtualFreeEx
PROCESS_VM_WRITE // For WriteProcessMemory
PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD // For CreateRemoteThread
Hooking (SetWindowsHookEx)
SetWindowsHookEx can be used nefariously for both DLL injection and hooking (interception of function calls, events or messages within a process). There's a great explanation on the Volatility blog
here.
McAfee HIPS supports monitoring of SetWindowsHookEx usage and can alert you to potential dll injection/hooking attempts. To detect browser keylogging we can use a rule like the following:
Rule {
tag browser_hook
Class Hook
Id 4005
level 3
attributes -no_trusted_apps
Executable { Include { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\\INTERNET EXPLORER\\IEXPLORE.EXE" } { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES\\INTERNET EXPLORER\\IEXPLORE.EXE" } { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES\\GOOGLE\\CHROME\\APPLICATION\\CHROME.EXE" } { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\\GOOGLE\\CHROME\\APPLICATION\\CHROME.EXE" } { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES\\MOZILLA FIREFOX\\FIREFOX.EXE" } { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\\MOZILLA FIREFOX\\FIREFOX.EXE" }}
Executable { Exclude { -path "C:\\example\\exclude" } }
Handler_Module { Exclude { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\MSHTML.DLL" } { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\IEFRAME.DLL"} { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\MSCTF.DLL"} { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\EXPLORERFRAME.DLL"} { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\\INTERNET EXPLORER\\IEDVTOOL.DLL"} { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSWOW64\\SHELL32.DLL"} { -path "C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\SHELL32.DLL"} { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\\INTERNET EXPLORER\\IEXPLORE.EXE"} { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES\\MICROSOFT\\INTERNET EXPLORER DEVELOPER TOOLBAR\\IEDEVTOOLBAR.DLL"} { -path "C:\\PROGRAM FILES\\GOOGLE\\CHROME\\APPLICATION\\CHROME.EXE"} }
user_name { Include "*" }
directives hook:set_windows_hook
}
You'll likely see DLL's being loaded for all kinds of different browser extensions and toolbars. Apart from browser hooking I haven't really tested this rule with other use cases, would love to hear some suggestions.
And finally...services!
The final type of rule I'll cover is related to services. Services offer another persistence mechanism for malware to abuse and interestingly are also used during lateral movement with psexec (see Metasploit psexec
here - you could also monitor file creation/execution in ADMIN$).
I found new service creation to be relatively infrequent so easy to monitor for suspicious activity. The following rule will catch new service creation - I've excluded some false positives:
Rule {
tag "New service created"
Class Services
Id 4006
level 3
display_names { Include "*" }
display_names { Exclude "GUPDATE" "GUPDATEM" "MOZILLAMAINTENANCE" "JAVAQUICKSTARTERSERVICE" "IPOD SERVICE"}
directives services:create
}
Monitoring your rules
With all your rules created, deployed and churning out events we obviously need some way to monitor the events. SIEM is the best choice but if EPO is your only option then you'll need to create a custom query.
I created a query with the following properties:
- Result: Type set to Events -> Threat Events.
- Chart: Use a Multi-group Summary Table. Labels -> Threat Name and Signature Name.
- Columns: Make sure to include Threat Name and Signature Name.
- Filter: Event ID 18000, 18001, 1092. Threat Name equal to your signature ID e.g. 4001
This query should give you a list of your signatures and how often they have triggered.
Final Thoughts
Creating custom HIPS rules isn't always easy, it takes time to develop use cases and you will get a lot of false positives that will need to be tuned out. Once perfected though custom rules can give you some great visibility of activity on your systems and also highlight areas for improvement (better email or web proxy filtering, tighter folder/registry access restrictions etc.).
Evil-minded readers may have already spotted the obvious that it is easy to evade HIPS rules by either using system calls not monitored by HIPS or by using files/locations/processes/services that have been excluded (whitelisted) in the rule. The answer really is to use a product that sees and logs everything (not Mcafee).
I'd love to hear feedback from you guys about HIPS rules that do/don't work and specific files, locations, activity you've found useful, drop me a comment below. And remember, if in doubt, log it all, you can always filter later :)
Pwndizzle out.
